Marine Flora and Fauna of the eastern United States: Acanthocephala

The phylum Acanthocephala (intestinal worm parasites of vertebrates) of the Atlantic coast of the United States comprises 43 species and 20 genera belonging to three orders: Echinorhynchida, Neoechinorhynchida, and Polymorphida. Adults are exclusively intestinal parasites of vertebrates. This study includes those species found in vertebrates of marine and estuarine environments along the North American Atlantic coast between Maine and Texas. Species that can be found within that geographical range and those that typically infect freshwater fishes but that are occasionally present in marine or estuarine hosts are also included. The taxonamy, anatomy, natural history, and ecology of the phylum Acanthocephala are discussed, and an illustrated key to the genera is presented. Techniques, an\ud annotated systematic treatment of all 43 species, and a systematic index are included. No systematic decisions will be made at this time, but areas where such decisions are pending will be indicated and discussed for future reports. (PDF file contains 32 pages.

Lice, Mites, and Ticks of Southeastern Wisconsin Mammals

Seventeen species of southeastern Wisconsin mammals were found to 6e infected with arthropod ectoparasites other than fleas. One host species was infested with one species of biting lice (Mallophaga), five with five species of sucking lice (Anoplura), ten with at least 16 species of mites (Acari) and nine with six species of hard ticks (Ixodidae). Many new state and/or host records are reported. Host specificity was very pronounced in lice but less marked in ticks and mites particularly in the more common species, ex. Androlaelaps fahrenholzi (Berlese) and Ixodes cookei Packard, respectively

Chapter 9 Gene Drive Strategies for Population Replacement

Gene drive systems are selfish genetic elements capable of spreading into a population despite a fitness cost. A variety of these systems have been proposed for spreading disease-refractory genes into mosquito populations, thus reducing their ability to transmit diseases such as malaria and dengue fever to humans. Some have also been proposed for suppressing mosquito populations. We assess the alignment of these systems with design criteria for their safety and efficacy. Systems such as homing endonuclease genes, which manipulate inheritance through DNA cleavage and repair, are highly invasive and well-suited to population suppression efforts. Systems such as Medea, which use combinations of toxins and antidotes to favor their own inheritance, are highly stable and suitable for replacing mosquito populations with disease-refractory varieties. These systems offer much promise for future vector-borne disease control

Linear stability analysis of an insoluble surfactant monolayer spreading on a thin liquid film

Recent experiments by several groups have uncovered a novel fingering instability in the spreading of surface active material on a thin liquid film. The mechanism responsible for this instability is yet to be determined. In an effort to understand this phenomenon and isolate a possible mechanism, we have investigated the linear stability of a coupled set of equations describing the Marangoni spreading of a surfactant monolayer on a thin liquid support. The unperturbed flows, which exhibit simple linear behavior in the film thickness and surfactant concentration, are self-similar solutions of the first kind for spreading in a rectilinear geometry. The solution of the disturbance equations determines that the rectilinear base flows are linearly stable. An energy analysis reveals why these base flows can successfully heal perturbations of all wavenumbers. The details of this analysis suggest, however, a mechanism by which the spreading can be destabilized. We propose how the inclusion of additional forces acting on the surfactant coated spreading film might give rise to regions of adverse mobility gradients known to produce fingering instabilities in other fluid flows

Spreading of a surfactant monolayer on a thin liquid film: Onset and evolution of digitated structures

We describe the response of an insoluble surfactant monolayer spreading on the surface of a thin liquid film to small disturbances in the film thickness and surfactant concentration. The surface shear stress, which derives from variations in surfactant concentration at the air–liquid interface, rapidly drives liquid and surfactant from the source toward the distal region of higher surface tension. A previous linear stability analysis of a quasi-steady state solution describing the spreading of a finite strip of surfactant on a thin Newtonian film has predicted only stable modes. [Dynamics in Small Confining Systems III, Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, edited by J. M. Drake, J. Klafter, and E. R. Kopelman (Materials Research Society, Boston, 1996), Vol. 464, p. 237; Phys. Fluids A 9, 3645 (1997); O. K. Matar Ph.D. thesis, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 1998]. A perturbation analysis of the transient behavior, however, has revealed the possibility of significant amplification of disturbances in the film thickness within an order one shear time after the onset of flow [Phys. Fluids A 10, 1234 (1998); "Transient response of a surfactant monolayer spreading on a thin liquid film: Mechanism for amplification of disturbances," submitted to Phys. Fluids]. In this paper we describe the linearized transient behavior and interpret which physical parameters most strongly affect the disturbance amplification ratio. We show how the disturbances localize behind the moving front and how the inclusion of van der Waals forces further enhances their growth and lifetime. We also present numerical solutions to the fully nonlinear 2D governing equations. As time evolves, the nonlinear system sustains disturbances of longer and longer wavelength, consistent with the quasi-steady state and transient linearized descriptions. In addition, for the parameter set investigated, disturbances consisting of several harmonics of a fundamental wavenumber do not couple significantly. The system eventually singles out the smallest wavenumber disturbance in the chosen set. The summary of results to date seems to suggest that the fingering process may be a transient response which nonetheless has a dramatic influence on the spreading process since the digitated structures redirect the flux of liquid and surfactant to produce nonuniform surface coverage

Growth of non-modal transient structures during the spreading of surfactant coated films

The spreading of surfactant coated thin liquid films is often accompanied by an instability producing significant film corrugation, fingering and branching. Marangoni stresses, responsible for the rapid and spontaneous spreading, are suspected as the main cause of unstable flow. Traditional eigenvalue analysis of a self-similar solution describing Marangoni driven spreading has predicted only stable modes. We present results of a transient growth study which reveals enormous amplification of initially infinitesimal disturbances in the film thickness. This analysis provides, for the first time, evidence of an instability resembling experimental patterns

The development of transient fingering patterns during the spreading of surfactant coated films

The spontaneous spreading of an insoluble surfactant monolayer on a thin liquid film produces a complex waveform whose time variant shape is strongly influenced by the surface shear stress. This Marangoni stress produces a shocklike front at the leading edge of the spreading monolayer and significant film thinning near the source. For sufficiently thin films or large initial shear stress, digitated structures appear in the wake of the advancing monolayer. These structures funnel the oncoming flow into small arteries that continuously tip-split to produce spectacular dendritic shapes. A previous quasisteady modal analysis has predicted stable flow at asymptotically long times [Phys. Fluids A 9, 3645 (1997)]. A more recent transient analysis has revealed large amplification in the disturbance film thickness at early times [O. K. Matar and S. M. Troian, "Growth of nonmodal transient structures during the spreading of surfactant coated films," Phys. Fluids A 10, 1234 (1998)]. In this paper, we report results of an extended sensitivity analysis which probes two aspects of the flow: the time variant character of the base state and the non-normal character of the disturbance operators. The analysis clearly identifies Marangoni forces as the main source of digitation for both small and large wave number disturbances. Furthermore, initial conditions which increase the initial shear stress or which steepen the shape of the advancing front produce a larger transient response and deeper corrugations in the film. Disturbances applied just ahead of the deposited monolayer rapidly fall behind the advancing front eventually settling in the upstream region where their mobility is hampered. Recent findings confirm that additional forces which promote film thinning can further intensify disturbances [O. K. Matar and S. M. Troian, "Spreading of surfactant monolayer on a thin liquid film: Onset and evolution of digitated structures," Chaos 9, 141 (1999). The transient analysis presented here corroborates our previous results for asymptotic stability but reveals a source for digitation at early times. The energy decomposition lends useful insight into the actual mechanisms preventing efficacious distribution of surfactant